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Mid-level practitioner : ウィキペディア英語版 | Mid-level practitioner Mid-level practitioners, also referred to as advanced practice clinicians, are health care providers who have received different training and have a more restricted scope of practice than physicians and other health professionals in some states, but who do have a formal certificate and accreditation through the licensing bodies in their jurisdictions.〔Lehmann U, ''Mid-level health workers: The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes - A literature review.'' Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.〕 Mid-level practitioners have practiced around the world for more than 100 years.〔 Because of their diverse histories, a multitude of mid-level health worker categories can be found in different countries under different titles, e.g. auxiliaries, assistants and technicians. Their training, functions, scope of practice, regulation, and integration into the formal health system vary from country to country. Mid-level practitioners have many different titles, e.g. physician assistant, clinical officer, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner. They are increasingly being used to render services autonomously, particularly in rural and remote areas, to make up for physician shortages.〔World Health Organization, Global Health Workforce Alliance, ''Mid-level health providers: a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals''. Geneva, 2010. http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/Final_MLP_web_2.pdf〕 ==MLPs by country==
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